Electric train control. Lesson summary for senior preschool children “Transport, professions in transport Career steps and prospects

Controlling an electric train consists of preparing the electric train for work and driving it along the line.

Preparing the electric train for work. It starts with turning on the car's batteries. To do this, turn on switches B207 in cabinets No. 8 of head cars and No. 6 of motor cars M. Next, placing switches B205 in the Battery position, check the integrity of the fuse links Pr217 and Pr219 of the battery using a voltmeter indicating the voltage on the battery. After this, the handle of the three-way valve of the pantograph in cabinet No. 2 on MT cars is installed in a vertical position. This ensures the connection of the pantograph cylinder to the pneumatic line.

The package switch “Auxiliary compressor” in cabinet No. 2 of the MT car is set to the Cabin position; The switch on the air conditioner instrument panel, located in the middle cabinets of each car on block 15A.037, is set to one of the Heating or Cooling positions depending on the outside air temperature. In the tail car in the cabin and in cabinet No. 4, turn off all buttons and switches, except for the Upper and Lower Right Signals buttons. Don't forget to turn off the heated cabin windows of the tail car.

In the cabin of the head car, insert the brake lock handle and turn it to the lower position. Then turn on the 400 Hz Converter switch and the ALS Power toggle switch on the remote control. Having removed the key from the electro-pneumatic valve, turn on the auto-stop and press the alert handle to stop the whistle. After this, turn on the Auxiliary compressor button on the head cabin remote control. After 3-4 minutes, you can raise the pantographs by pressing the pantograph raised button. The actual rise of the pantographs is controlled not only by the pantograph lamp on the remote control (the lamp should go out), but also visually, using a reverse mirror. Now you should turn on the control switch of the control unit and check whether the signal lamps on the remote control are lit: Converter, Air Conditioning Compressor, V A, L K and T. 3-4 s after turning on the control unit, all converters of the electric train and the signal lamp should start working

The Converter lamp should go out. When the pressure in the pressure line reaches 0.5 0.0 MPa, turn it off! Auxiliary compressor button. Then turn on the Psari switch in cabinet No. 4 of carriage G. On the switchboard in cabinet No. 5 of this carriage, turn on the driver's power, setting the Automatic driver and Engines //U switches to the 400 Hz Network position. When broken, the 80 V, 100 /I indicator lamps on the panel and the Network lamps on the power supply units of the rack and the front panel of the programming device should light up. The software device must be equipped with software tapes.

Check the presence of chart paper in the speedometer registration block and, if there is little left, fill the block with a new roll. To do this, you need to remove the left removable spool (by lightly pressing towards you) and the trunnion from the spool, put a roll of chart paper on the spool with the chalk layer facing out and scaled speed divisions in the lower part, insert the spool in place, fold the pressure table towards you, put on* the free one the end of the paper onto the receiving reel, press the mite with a pressure table with a lock, stretch the tape until traces of the scribes appear and check that the zero line coincides with the line of pressure. Then you should turn on the power source of the speedometer, set the speed indicator hand to the zero position, and the secondary clock hand to the daily time. After this, turn on the Speed ​​Control button on the driver’s console, and when the speed indicator hand and the speed recorder scribe show 85-95 km/ h, turn off the Speed ​​Control button.

On observation units, Psari set the daily time using the Rough and Fine buttons located on the driver’s console. Turn on the Air Conditioning, heating button and if the M7 warning light goes out, then the air conditioning and heating system is turned on. The Lighting button turns on the interior lighting lamps.

Then check the operation of the brakes. To do this, the driver first turns on the Emergency EPT button, and his assistant checks along the train the operation of the electro-pneumatic brake using pressure gauges installed on the pipelines to the relief valves. Then, in the same way, the driver and his assistant check the action of the pneumatic brake, braking the electric train with the driver's crane, as well as the action of the magnetic rail brake, placing the main handle of the driver's controller in the 4th braking position, having previously turned the reversing handle to the Forward or Backward position and pressing the buttons Return VA n Return protection. When walking along electric train cars, you should make sure that the shoes of the magnetic rail brake are pressed to the rails, check that the air springs are filled with air (the body position control lever must be in a horizontal position), and check by ear whether there is any extraneous noise in the operation of the compressors and converters.

Walking through the cars, they monitor the voltage and frequency levels of synchronous generators and converters, the voltage of control circuits, the charging current of batteries, and also pay attention to the operation of air conditioning (heating) systems, lighting, Psari monitoring units, etc.

Before the electric train departs from the locomotive depot, the operation of sound signals, spotlights and signal lights is checked, the movement of the electric train is tested when controlled from the control panel of the driver's head cabin and the locomotive traffic light ALS-200 is switched from a red signal to a white one by pressing the button B K. If the electric train is sent from station, then to board passengers you must disable the Door Lock button. After the entrance doors are opened by the carriage conductors, the Doors open signal light on the driver's console lights up.

Once passengers have boarded, the conductors lock the entrance doors of the cars and the Doors Open signal lamp goes out. Before the electric train departs, the driver turns on the electromagnetic door locks by pressing the Door Lock button.

Driving an electric train as a driver. To set the electric train in motion, the driver moves the reversible handle of the controller to the Forward position and restores the protection by pressing the Return Protection and Return VA buttons. Then the driver places the main handle of the controller in the maneuvering position, or in one of the running positions of the traction mode.

Running position 1 of the driver controller provides a series connection of traction motors and automatic output of starting resistors with inter-stage regulation. On the running position 2 of the driver's controller, automatic smooth control of the excitation of the traction motors is added.

If it is necessary to accelerate the electric train to a speed of 120-140 km/h, then the controller handle is moved from the 2nd to the 3rd position, at which there is an automatic transition to a series-parallel connection of traction motors when fully excited and automatic output of starting resistors. To further increase the speed to 160-200 km/h, the controller handle is moved from the 3rd to the 4th position, at which automatic smooth control of the excitation of the traction motors is added.

If you place the controller handle immediately in position 4, then all the described intermediate operations for rearranging the traction motors and regulating the excitation will be performed automatically.

In order to accelerate an electric train with higher acceleration, it is possible to eliminate intermediate control of the excitation of traction motors on a series connection.

To do this, the main handle of the driver’s controller is immediately placed in position 3, and then at a speed of 60 km/h or more, it is moved to position 4.

To cancel the excitation control of traction motors in a series-parallel connection, it is enough to return the driver’s controller handle from the 4th to the 3rd position. This ensures that the achieved high speed of ira is maintained at a level of 150-160 km/h. If, according to the driving mode, it is necessary to reduce the traction force even more! position 1, the excitation control mode for traction motors with a series connection is canceled. A speed of 200 km/h is achieved with a series-parallel connection and weakened excitation (W-20%) of the traction motors. Maintaining a high level of speed (19G>- 200 km/h) is performed by alternating the 4th and 3rd positions of the driver's controller handle, sometimes (in the absence of wind, on the site) with a reduced setting current. To reduce the setting current, turn on the Reduced acceleration button on the remote control.

To enable braking, the driver's controller main handle is set to the 1st or 2nd brake position. This activates the electric brake. The braking distance is regulated by alternately setting the main handle of the driver's controller to the 1st and 2nd positions. In the 2nd braking position (full electric braking), regulation is carried out at a normal braking current setting, and in the 1st position - at a reduced one. If to stop the electric train in a given place it is necessary to increase the effectiveness of the brake, then the main handle of the driver’s controller is moved to brake position 3, at which, in addition to the electric brake, the electro-pneumatic disc brake is activated (full service braking). In this case, air with a pressure limited by an inverse proportional valve enters the brake chamber and the pressure switch (the pressure switch directly fills and drains the brake cylinder depending on the pressure in the brake chamber). In the event of a failure of electric braking, the air entering the brake chamber is at full pressure.

If the braking effect of the electro-pneumatic brake needs to be reduced, then turn on the -Om/і^гк button. In case of poor wheel-rail adhesion conditions, before turning on the electric brake, press the Reduced deceleration button, which reduces the braking current setting.

An emergency stop of the electric train is carried out by moving the handle of the driver's controller to the brake position 4. In especially dangerous cases, an emergency stop with lowering of the pantographs is carried out by turning on the Emergency stop switch on the driver's console. When the machine controller handle is placed in brake position 4, together with the electric and disc brakes, the magnetic rail brake of all cars is activated. The magnetic rail brake, together with the disc brake, is also activated when the driver’s brake handle is placed in the emergency braking position or when the Emergency Braking button is pressed on the driver’s console, the auto-stop valve is activated by ALS signals (if the driver loses vigilance) or the stop valve is broken in any electric train car .

If, during the start or braking of the electric train, the wheelset begins to slip and the RB warning light on the remote control lights up, briefly press the Sandbox button. When wheelsets are slipping for a relatively long time, the traction is released by moving the driver's controller handle to the zero position, and then acceleration is performed again with the Reduced acceleration button turned on.

If, during start-up or acceleration, the traction is disconnected due to a significant decrease in voltage in the contact network or its complete removal, as evidenced by the voltmeter reading and the lighting of the “Pantograph” warning lamp on the driver’s console, then the main handle of the driver’s controller is moved to the zero position (or first to the braking position, if the driver was engaged, and then to zero), turn off the control switch of the control unit. After the voltage in the contact network is restored, the power supply is turned on again, the pantograph is raised while the electric train is moving by pressing the pantograph raised button for 10-20 seconds, the protection is restored and acceleration is carried out using the driver’s controller, or by turning on the driver.

At the final station, before moving to another cabin for movement in the opposite direction, the main handle of the driver’s controller is set to the zero position. Then the reversing handle is moved to the zero position and removed, insert the key into the EPC and turn it to the extreme right position, turn off the control unit, lower the pantograph, turn off the 400 Hz Converter button, all the buttons on the driver’s console, the Upper Signals and Lower Right Signal buttons, and brake electric train with the driver's edge to a pressure in the brake line of 0.25 MPa, remove the handle of the brake locking device and turn off the brake system in cabinet No. 4.

If the electric train is put into storage, then all operations are performed as when moving to another cabin and, in addition, the electric train is slowed down with a hand brake, the battery switches on the G and M cars are turned off, and all the doors are locked.

Driving" the electric train by the driver. To do this, before the departure of the electric train, the driver turns on the Driver 1 or Driver 2 button, performs a manual start and revs up to a speed of 50 km/h, at this speed moves the driver's controller handle to the zero position, briefly presses the Driver's Power button. If necessary, the driver can again take control of the train. To disable the driver, you only need to move the driver's controller from the zero position and one of the driving or braking positions, except for the shunting position.

The driver is an integral part of the overall control system of the electric train, which also includes the ALS-200 and internal automation systems. He selects the speed required to complete the running times recorded in his program, taking into account the established speed limits. The internal automation system of an electric train implements the speed selected by the driver (driver with manual control) by regulating the operating mode of the traction motors and braking means of the cars.

The driver ensures the normal operating mode of the internal automation system of the electric train in the absence of deviations from the schedule, a weakened mode when ahead of schedule, and a forced mode when a delay is detected; operates the electric train in the mode of maintaining speed, which is set by the program or selected by the driver using the seven buttons on the control panel. Manual speed setting. It contains a device that evaluates at control points the deviation of the actual movement of the train (time and path) from that provided by the program.

The device acts on the train control circuit in order to change the speed within acceptable limits when a deviation is detected and enter the train on schedule. In this case, the speed is measured with an accuracy of up to 0.2%, time - up to 0.01% and distance traveled - up to 1%.

Deviations from the schedule arise due to the impact on the electric train of changing external traffic conditions - contact network voltage, movement resistance, as well as changes within the permissible values ​​of traction force caused by deviations in the regulation mode or failure of part of the traction electrical equipment of individual cars. Therefore, depending on the combination of these factors, the track length and acceleration time of the electric train fluctuate. These fluctuations during normal operation of traction electrical equipment can reach 15 s when accelerating from 140 to 200 km/h. In addition, due to the possible deviation of the maximum speed from the average value (200 km/h) by 5 km/h, a deviation in driving time of approximately 0.5 s per kilometer of travel occurs. Correction of train delays within 10-15 s is carried out at the end of the track section covered at maximum speed by changing the run-down and braking path provided by the program before the speed limit.

* Ahead of schedule is compensated by reduced speed on the section of the route where movement at maximum speed is allowed.

As already noted, in the event of a delay in the preceding train, a continuous-type automatic locomotive signaling system prohibits this train from moving on schedule, that is, it reduces its speed or stops it, canceling the driver’s influence on the train. However, the main processes of a driver’s work are monitoring the distance traveled and time, assessing deviations from the schedule, etc. - - are saved so that after the ban imposed by the security system is lifted, the electric train can again fit into the schedule.

The driver of the ER200 electric train has targeted adjustable braking units that provide a reduction in speed on high-speed lines equipped with a point-type information transmission system that notifies when the train is approaching places of permanent speed limit. ALS-200 devices provide similar actions with the only difference being that these devices will cause a forced unregulated reduction in speed to the beginning of the limitation point immediately after receiving the corresponding signal.

ALS-200 gives a signal to start braking at point D1 (Fig. 67) at the distance of the greatest possible braking distance from the place of limitation /, Tmax, corresponding to the worst conditions (line A1BX). In order not to cause interference from the ALS-200, the targeted controlled braking curve of the motorist AB system passes below the Af^ curve. In this case, the train passes part of the section AA\, allowing maximum speed, at a lower speed, which leads to additional loss of time. This is necessary so that in the event of a driver malfunction and braking does not occur at point A, the restricted area would not be passed by the train at increased speed. A malfunction of the ALS-200 not only does not cause loss of braking distance, but, on the contrary,

leads to a transition to emergency braking, i.e., it enhances the braking effect. In the latter case, the braking curve will pass through points A\B.2.

If sensors are not installed on the line to link the driver’s program to the waypoints, then the driver’s operating mode can be limited to maintaining a given speed from 80 to 200 km/h with an interval of 20 km/h.

The operation of the multi-valued automatic locomotive system

custom alarms with automatic speed control. ..ALS-200 signals in the driver’s cabin about the permissible speed of movement along the forward block section and automatically (regardless of the driver) activates the brakes

electric trains in case of exceeding the actual speed to bring it to the permissible speed.

DLS-200 track devices include frequency and numerical automatic blocking transmitting devices, which operate in parallel at the circulation line of the ER200 electric train. The receiving devices of frequency and numerical automatic blocking are connected in parallel; the control of the lights of the traffic lights and the selection of ALS code signals are carried out through one of them, while the other is in reserve.

Frequency automatic blocking with four-digit signaling ensures, without the use of linear circuits, control of the lights of through traffic lights and transmission to the electric train of information about the vacancy of four block sections, as well as about the permissible speed of reception on the main and side tracks of stations. Numerical coded automatic blocking with four-digit signaling ensures control of the vacancy of two block sections by means of code signals transmitted along rail circuits and two more block sections by means of linear signals.

The head cars of the electric train are equipped with devices of the ALS-200 system for receiving and deciphering continuous code signals (frequency and numerical), automatic speed control, control of driver vigilance, interaction with the driver, interaction with the internal automatic train traffic control system, interaction with the signal readings recording unit and actions of the driver, as well as to indicate the normal operation of train equipment.

Locomotive traffic light signals give the driver instructions about the permissible speed on the section ahead until the next traffic light or to the point within the block section where, due to a change in the train position, the signal indication will change. The locomotive traffic light gives a Green light signal with an index of 200, or with an index of 160 or 120 (32оо, 31в0, 3j2„), allowing the passage of the ahead traffic light at a speed of 200, 160 or 120 km/h, respectively, provided the path is clear at a distance not less than the braking distance full service braking distances at speeds of 200, 160 or 120 km/h, respectively. In a section equipped with a four-digit automatic blocking, these signals are transmitted provided four block sections are free for 32оо* three block sections for 31в0 and two block sections for 312о. In addition, Green Light signals with the index J40 (Zno) and 31в0 can be given in places with permanent speed limits of 140 and 160 km/h based on track conditions.

The locomotive traffic light gives the signal Yellow light with the index C (Zhs), allowing the passage of the one in front

of a traffic light at a speed of 80 km/h under free conditions and at a distance not less than the braking distance of full service braking at a speed of 80 km/h. Signal Zhs. transmitted one block section from a traffic light with a red light.

Signals Zhs or Yellow light with the index U (Zhu) are given when setting a route on the side tracks of a station and allow a speed of 80 or 50 km/h, respectively, depending on the brand of crosspieces of the turnouts.

The signal Light with red (KZh) allows movement at a speed of 20 km/h with the readiness to stop in front of a standing traffic light with a red light.

The Red light signal (K) lights up at the locomotive traffic light if a track traffic light with a red or invitational light passes. At signal K, driving with increased vigilance and a speed of no more than 20 km/h is allowed.

When the White light signal lights up on the locomotive traffic light, it indicates that the ALS-200 locomotive devices are turned on, but no signals are received from the track to the locomotive. In this case, movement is allowed, guided by the indications of traffic lights.

If an electric train is moving along a section that is not equipped with ALS-200 track devices and has ALS numerical code track devices (ALSN), then the locomotive traffic light gives only five signals, of which the next three signals allow the passage of the traffic light in front at speeds: no more than 160 km/ h, if the Green light is on, no more than 80 km/h if the Yellow light is on, and no more than 20 km/h if the Yellow light with red light is on (with a willingness to stop in front of the traffic light ahead with a red light). other signals, Red light and White light light up at the locomotive traffic light in the same cases as in areas equipped with ALS-200 track devices.

Train automatic speed control devices measure the actual speed of the train in the range from 0 to 200 km/h. compare the actual speed with the permissible one, determined by the signal readings, and issue signals to automatically reduce the speed if the actual speed exceeds the permissible one. Depending on the nature of the information received, either a disc brake (full service braking) is activated with an intensity of at least 0.6 m/s2 (when approaching trains at a distance less than the maximum braking distance), or an electric rheostat brake (adjusting service braking) with intensity of at least 0.3 m/s2 (when approaching a place of permanent speed limit exceeding the permissible speed); the execution of the command for automatic braking is monitored and the emergency brake is activated if the command is not executed or braking is carried out with low intensity, and automatic braking is also canceled when the actual speed becomes equal to or less than permissible.

The ALS-200 system automatically monitors the driver’s execution of speed commands and independently applies the brakes if the permissible speeds are exceeded: 20, 50, 80, 120, 146, 106 and 208 km/h. The internal automatic train motion control system will, in turn, transmit information to the ALS-200 system about the collection of automatic braking circuits and the achievement of the braking current to the specified set value.

Operation of the driver vigilance monitoring device. It provides the same functions as on serial commuter electric trains with the activation of the emergency brake of the electric train (hitchhiking) if the driver does not confirm vigilance by pressing the handle within 7-8 seconds after the start of the warning whistle.

Security measures. To service a high-speed electric train, first-class drivers and assistant drivers who have the right to operate a locomotive are appointed after passing an additional medical examination on suitability for this work. Before each trip, the crews undergo a sub-trip medical examination.

When performing work related to the adjustment of electrical equipment of electric trains, the locomotive crew and locomotive depot personnel comply with all established electrical safety rules. In particular, before starting work with under-car equipment and with equipment located in cabinets with safety interlocks, operations are first carried out to bring the electric train into a safe state: the train is stopped, then the control unit is turned off at the driver’s console, which leads to the shutdown of all high-speed circuit breakers and machine converters. Using a button on the driver's console, the pantographs are lowered and visually verified.

Three-way valves located in cabinets No. 2 of MT cars shut off the compressed air lines of the pantographs (the valves are moved to the Manual position). Then the main disconnectors B, located in boxes 1ЯА.025, under the iMT cars, are switched to the Ground position. The B207 battery switches located in cabinets No. 8 of the head cars and in cabinets No. 6 of the M motor cars are turned off.

When no work is done on the roof of the car, in addition, remove the voltage from the contact wire of the depot and ground it; visually verify this. But the signal is a Green light above the ditch and the presence of a lock on the sectional disconnector drive handle.

Inspection and repair of the roof equipment of motor cars on the line is carried out only when the voltage in the contact network is removed on tracks that have disconnectors for disconnecting and closing the contact network. The voltage from the contact network sleeps* with the energy supply manager, and the contact network worker grounds the network on the orders of the energy dispatcher.

If necessary, it is allowed to observe the operation of electrical equipment from the side at a distance of at least 1 m with the cabinets previously opened and the covers of the undercar boxes removed and the safety locks secured in a pressed state. However, there must be at least two observers. They can only be located on the side of the car. It is prohibited to be under the carriage. It is strictly forbidden to leave open equipment unattended.

Upon completion of monitoring the operation of the equipment, the electric train is brought into a safe state and the safety locks are released, all cabinet doors and drawer lids are closed.

A car has a steering wheel, or simply a steering wheel, which the driver turns when he needs to turn to the side. And trains have no steering wheel because they move on steel rails. But on the edge of the train wheel - on the inside - there is a protrusion. These protrusions hold the train on the rails. It turns out that the rails themselves steer the train, and the driver, who on the railway is called a driver, does not need to do this. But he still must control the movement of his squad. And if the instruments do this for him, then the driver must monitor their operation.

Trains go where their tracks lead.

The ridges on the rims of train wheels hold both locomotives and cars on the rails.

When a train approaches a junction, a railroad switch directs it to the correct track.

Let's take a look into the driver's cabin.

The levers located in front of the driver control the speed: one of them is for accelerating, the other is for braking.
On the left side there is a lever for acceleration. When the driver turns it, the train starts moving and picks up speed.
If it is necessary to reduce speed or stop, the driver turns the brake lever, which is located on the right, toward himself.

This is interesting:
When driving a car, you choose the desired speed and the desired direction of movement. The main difference between driving a train and driving a car is that on the train you only need to choose the speed. And one more thing: the brakes and speed on the train are controlled not with your feet, but with your hands. Typically, in electric trains, the driver operates the handle with his left hand, which allows him to increase or decrease the speed of the train. And he holds his right hand on the brake handle. However, in the latest models of electric trains, a scheme is increasingly common where one handle controls both speed and brakes. It sometimes seems to small children that the driver is also steering with these handles. To correctly understand the operating principle of the control handles, look in the bathroom or kitchen at how the water tap is controlled. You turn the handle there in one direction or the other, and the water begins to flow stronger or weaker, or stop completely. But he doesn’t turn to the side.

New vocabulary

Nouns:

builder, mason, painter, teacher, salesman,carpenter, glazier, architect, teacher, cook, doctor,

nurse.Names of data-related toolsprofessions (see the topic “Tools”).

Verbs:

lift, put, manage, paint, collect,build, repair, heal, teach.

Adjectives:

high, low, beautiful, blocky, brick, desmart, urban, attentive, strict, smart, able

Adverbs:

beautiful, neat, even, straight, high, fast, catch

Game "Who is the most attentive?"

Goals: develop auditory attention and memory, clarify andactivate the dictionary on the lexical topic “Professions”.

HODgames: the teacher reads a poem to the children, thenasks them to try to remember the names of which professions

found in the poem, what other professions do they know.

I DON'T LIKE SITTING AT HOME

I don't like to sit at home

To me I like to walk.

I love walking, I like to look,

Bring your friends with you.

I love looking at the clouds

At sunrise;

On like a roaring river

Breaks the ice.

How a carpenter makes crafts

Table, chair or stool,

AND painter paints rooms

IN any fun color.

How a janitor cleans the yard -

Rakes the snow into a heap,

And How floor polisher dancing -

Cheerful man .

Like a storm , sultry or frosty,

A sharp whistle under the wind

Driving a heavy locomotive

Fearless driver.

I don't like to sit at home

No, I don't like to sit.

I like to look at the world

Look at the sun!

E. Blaginina

Game "Tall Poems"

Goals: develop auditory attention, logical thinking,activate vocabulary on the topic “Professions”.

Hodigames.poem and find errors in it.

The teacher cleverly built the house,

The singer writes the music,

Sews clothes seller.

S. Chesheva

Game "Guess who I want to be?"

Goals: develop auditory attention, thinking, coherent speech,update vocabulary for the topics “Professions”,

"Tools".

Progress of the game. The teacher invites the children to think about who they arewould like to be, describe your profession so that others

guessed right.

For example:

Child: I need the following tools: scissors, comb , razor, hairdryer.

Other children: You want to be a hairdresser.

Game "Who controls what"

Target: consolidate the ability to use nounsinstrumental case form.

Hodigames. The teacher displays pictures on panelsimage of a vehicle and offers to say who is which

manages transport.

(Driver) ... drives the bus.

(Driver) ... drives the truck.

(Driver) ... controls the train.

(Helicopter pilot) ... controls the helicopter.

(Pilot) ... controls by plane.

(Captain) ... controls the ship.

(Motorcyclist) ... drives a motorcycle.

(Cyclist) ... drives a bicycle.

(Cosmonaut) ... controls the rocket.

Game "Who is doing what?"

Goals: develop the grammatical structure of speech, activatevocabulary on the topic “Professions”.

Hodigames. The teacher invites the children to answer questions.

For example:

The doctor (what does he do?) treats people.

Teacher... Cook...

Fireman... Dressmaker...

Janitor... Postman...

Seller... Artist...

Teacher... Hairdresser...

Game "Explain"

Goals: develop grammatical speech,word formation: teach understanding and interpretation of complex words

Hodigames. The teacher invites the children to explainwhat words were used to create the names of professions?

Words: fisherman, lumberjack, woodcutter, fur farmer, horse breeder,vegetable grower, gardener, etc.

Game "Who needs what?"

Goals: develop auditory attention, formgrammatical structure of speech, teach the use of the dative

noun case, relative formation adjectives.

Hodigames. The teacher invites the children to listen offer , find the error, correct it, repeat

the proposal is correct.

The cook (the cook) needs a saucepan.

Saw need... a carpenter (carpenter).

Machine need... a turner (turner).

The baker (baker) needs flour.

Brushes needed... artist(to the artist).

I need an ax... a lumberjack(lumberjack).

Need scissors... tailor(to the tailor).

Need a hammer... shoemaker(to the shoemaker).

Game "Scattered Syllables"

Target: develop syllable analysis and synthesis, visualattention and visual memory, activate vocabulary

stock on the topic “Professions”.

Progress of the game. The teacher invites the children to “fix” the words,which crumbled. On the carpet printer - syllables: TOR - PO -

PA - SAME - RIK - MA - DOV - NICK - SA - DODGE - HU - NICK -

IN - HER - NER - DOC - VAR. Children make words from them.

Words: artist, hairdresser, doctor, gardener, engineer, cook.

Game “Name the sounds”

Goals: improve phonemic processes, abilityidentify the first and last sounds in a word.

Progress of the game. The teacher invites the children to name the first andthe last sounds in words are names of professions.

Words: cook, doctor, engineer, carpenter, machinist, carpenter,mason, artist, painter, architect.

Game "Who to be?"

Goals: develop coherent speech, teach coherent speechmonologue statement, activate children's vocabulary

on the topic "Professions".

Progress of the game. The teacher invites the children to add to the story.

One day in kindergarten the children dreamed about who they would be,when they become adults. Petya said:

I want to heal people. I will be (who?)... .

And I,” said Yulia, “when I grow up, I will begin to educatelittle children. I will be (who?)... .

What is that! - answered Vasya. - So I will soon become people fromsave fire, fight fire. I will be (who?)... ..

Just think, a fireman! - Katya laughed. - YavotI’ll start painting pictures. I will become (who?)... .

The smallest boy Oleg looked at the children quietly said:

And I will cook food for you. I will become (who?)...

S. Chesheva

Text for retelling

WHAT ARE HANDS FOR?

Petya and his grandfather were great friends. About everything. talked.

A grandfather once asked his grandson:

And why, Petenka, do people need hands?

“To play with a ball,” Petya answered.

And also for what? - asked the grandfather.

To hold a spoon.

What else?

To pet the cat.

What else?

To throw pebbles into the river...

I answered Peter's grandfather all evening. He answered correctly.Only he was small and could handle all the others

judged, and not by labor, working hands, with which all life,all the light holds on.

E. Permyak Questions:

What did grandfather ask Petya? What did Petya answer?

Why did Petya answer like that? Why does a person

What do you need most of all?

Text for retelling

TWO PLOWS

From the same piece of iron and waterthe workshop made two plows.

One of them fell into the hands of a farmer and immediately wentat work, and the other lay for a long time and completely useless,

fell into a merchant's shop.

It happened after a while that both fellow countrymen againmet. The plow, formerly the farmer's, shone like

silver, and was even better than when hejust left the workshop; a plow lying without

all business in the shop, darkened and covered with rust.

Tell me, please, why do you shine so much? - askeda rusty plow from an old friend.

“Of course, my dear,” he answered. “Aslitsrusted and became worse than it was, because all this

you lay on your side for a while, doing nothing.

TO . Ushinsky

Questions :

How and where were the two plows made?

Who got one plow and what happened to the other?

What did the two plows look like when they met again?

What were the two plows talking about?

Exercise 1.
Ask your child questions. Get a complete answer. If he himself cannot construct a sentence, let him repeat the answer after you.
Who drives the bus? (The bus is driven by a driver.)
Who drives the tram? (The tram is driven by a driver.)
Who drives the train? (The driver drives the train.)
Who flies the plane? (The pilot controls the plane.)
Who controls the ship? (The ship is controlled by the captain)

Task 2.
Look at the pictures with your child that depict a driver, a driver, or a machinist. Help him learn to pronounce these words clearly. First, clearly say these words yourself, then in chorus with your child, then let him do it on his own.

Task 3.
Invite your child to listen to the poem and answer the question: the name of what profession was mentioned in it.

There are trams and trolleybuses running around the city,
Drivers lead them along their routes.
Are you in a hurry to visit a friend or to school for a lesson,
They will deliver you on time without delay.

Task 4.
Help your child “turn” into a bus driver. Together with him, set up a “workplace” and take care of the “passengers”. This game will help you activate your child's speech. Show him how to announce stops and remind “passengers” to pay the fare: “The next stop is Mikhailovskaya Street. Don't forget to pay your fare."

Task 5.
Fix the image of the letter I in the game: lay it out from sticks and pencils. Ask your child what it looks like? Remember the words starting with the sound I, come up with new ones. In a children's book (with large print), together with your child, find the letters I. Cut out different letters I, i from a newspaper (magazine) and glue them into a notebook.

Task 6.
Independent reading (MANDATORY):
Oi Io

Invite your child to divide into syllables and clap the rhythmic pattern of the names of professions: driver, lst-chik, ka-pi-tan, driver-di-tel, ma-shi-nist.

Task 3.
Learn the riddle with your child:
He is in any bad weather
And at any time of the year
He turns the steering wheel and presses the pedals,
So that you won't be late
To work, to kindergarten.
I'm always happy to give you a ride. (Chauffeur)

Task 4.
To expand your child’s verbal vocabulary, offer him the ball game “What does he do?”
You throw a ball to the child and name his profession; child catches the ball, says what he is doing
representative of this profession, and returns the ball to you. For example:
Chauffeur. - Turns the steering wheel.
Pilot. - Holds the helm.
Conductor. - Sells tickets.
Station duty officer. - Keeps order.
Controller. - Checks tickets.
Captain. - Controls the ship.

Task 5.
You can invite your child to play the ball game “Who controls what?” This will allow
train him in the use of nouns in the instrumental case. you quit
give the child a ball and start a phrase; the child catches the ball and finishes it. For example:
The driver drives... - the car.
The pilot controls... - the plane.
The captain controls... - the ship.
The driver controls... - the tram.
The driver controls... - the train.

Task 6. Read to your child V. Mayakovsky’s poem “Who to be?” and talk about the professions mentioned in the poem.

My experience as a subway driver is almost twenty years. Before, I worked as a guide and was away for a week or two every month. When I got married and had a daughter, I wanted to spend more time at home. I decided to take a subway driver course. There they checked my eyesight, hearing, blood pressure, whether I was a drinker or not a drinker, whether I was morally stable, whether I had been reported to the police - everything was fine with me. Although these checks were formal, they took just anyone. Some were obvious drunks, and one was such that we immediately realized: a guy with a shift. I don’t know how he passed the medical examination, but he worked for five years until he was imprisoned for murder.

Regarding the courses themselves, practice has shown that a tenth of all the knowledge that we have received is enough to control a train. By the end of our studies, we could probably disassemble and assemble the entire composition. They knew where everything was screwed on, the parts and the structure of all the components. There were lectures five times a week, they simply read the material to us, like at the university.

Mostly guys from the suburbs were hired as drivers. If they are from Kiev, then mainly from Obolon - so that they live close to the depot. For some reason they didn’t take women. I only remember one. They didn’t take it, probably because women need to be given a separate room so they can sleep after the night shift, and a separate shower room. But we had everything in common, just like in the army.

In general, to work as a machinist, you need to be phlegmatic. Or rather, even if you don’t give a damn, you don’t take everything to heart. The work is generally monotonous, but stressful situations also occur.

About passengers

They fall on the rails quite often. When I first got settled, there was an incident: a soldier was AWOL, apparently running away from a patrol. The train had already started moving, and the guy decided to catch on to the last car. He grabbed the handrails, held on for a while, and then lost his grip and flew along the sleepers. As far as I remember, it all ended sadly there.

Most often, passengers fall from the platform at Vokzalnaya. I didn’t hit anyone myself; once I only hit a drunk with my mirror, but he, thank God, didn’t fall under the train. And other guys had cases. If you hit a passenger, you are immediately given three days to recover. Some take a week or even a month.

When a person falls on the rails, the driver instantly brakes, fortunately the brakes are brutal. After this, he should not move the train even a centimeter, so as not to add pressure.

We had a “champion” in the number of passengers shot down - four, it seems, on his account

Under the platform there is a third, contact, rail energized at 825 volts. Usually, if a person falls, he ends up between this rail and the car, that is, he simply gets stuck there. The voltage, of course, is immediately cut off.
Once I helped pull out a fallen passenger at Teatralnaya. He suffered for an hour and a half: it was pinched tightly. Then the driver broke the rule: he drove away a little, and we pulled the man out. After such a shock, some scream, while others, on the contrary, cannot utter a word.

We had a “champion” in the number of downed passengers - four, it seems, to his name. He is a hero father with many children, so according to the law he could not be fired. He runs over someone, and then goes on sick leave for six months to look after the children.

There was also a time when it became fashionable to walk on sleepers in open areas. I remember driving at midnight and I saw a man coming. In such a decent black suit, but for some reason barefoot. The interval between trains is long, and he almost managed to get from Gidropark to Levoberezhnaya. I stopped and dragged him into the cabin. “Well, finally,” he says, “I’ve waited. It's hard to go." I ask why barefoot. He explained that the sleepers were slippery and shoes were uncomfortable. I got with this “passenger” to the station, handed him over to the dispatcher, and he handed him over to the police.

About train control

The train “turns” itself. Or rather, what everyone calls “turns” - for us these are “crooked sections”. The train passes them without turning the wheels, due to the slope of the tracks. But the driver has a job: open and close doors, brake, accelerate, monitor the instruments.

We usually drive at a speed of 40–50 km/h. The maximum speed of the train is 80 km/h. More is possible, but it is risky, since some of the cars are already more than 50 years old. In Moscow and St. Petersburg there is no such junk - they sold it for scrap. Our cars, which were going to be written off back in 1990, are still running.

The average normal distance between trains is 600-800 meters. When a train runs behind schedule and is delayed at a station, the one following it is forced to stop in the tunnel and wait. In such cases, it seems to passengers that the train has stopped between stations, but in fact I see the tail of the train in front, between us at most 150 meters. This happens because, for example, at the same "Vokzalnaya" the crowd for a long time cannot squeeze into car, and the train stops 10-20 seconds longer than expected. When the distance between the trains decreases, the train that follows is automatically activated and it brakes itself.

In addition, a special device every 50 meters shows what maximum speed I can travel at (it depends on how far the train is in front). It happens that you are driving 80 km/h, and the device suddenly shows that the permissible maximum is 40. If you do not have time to slow down smoothly yourself, the train automatically slows down. It is at such moments that the train twitches and it seems that all passengers must, by inertia, fly into the first carriage.

About work schedule and salary

From 06:15 to 07:00 is the morning peak, at this time almost all drivers go to work. In about 10 minutes we pass the medical examination and leave. Lunch break - half an hour. If you need to go to the toilet, you have to wait until the depot. There is one day off per week, only four days off per month. So little because we have a six-hour working day. True, there are also busy weekends: I finished work on Friday morning and left at 6 pm on Sunday.

In winter you don’t see the sun at all for weeks. When the shift is morning, and you live in the suburbs, like me, you get to work by train. Those who finished the night shift, and the next one in the morning, spend the night in the depot at Darnitsa or Akademgorodok. There, the metro rents apartments for employees in a Khrushchev-era building where they can spend the night.

The speed is low, the instruments are in sight, everything is under control. Some drivers read newspapers and magazines on the road, play on their mobile phones, listen to music

Salary with all allowances and bonuses - up to 5,000 thousand hryvnia. If you fall behind the schedule by more than 10 seconds, you may be fined (subtracted from the bonus). And sticking to a schedule can be difficult. People take a long time to come in - the train was delayed at the station. And not only are you late, but you also have to pick up a little more people from the next station.

But in the evening, when the interval between trains is about 10 minutes, as soon as you pass the time. I did push-ups and squats so as not to go crazy from boredom. Right in the cockpit, of course. The speed is low, the instruments are in sight, everything is under control. Some people read newspapers and magazines, play on mobile phones, listen to music.

About secret tunnels and purses on the rails

When there was no Teatralnaya station yet, the train went from the University directly to Khreshchatyk. Later, a parallel tunnel was built for Teatralnaya, but the old one was left. They began to carry garbage from the entire line into it. In 1995, the garbage caught fire - smoke and stench were all over the branch.

There are also tunnels from Arsenalnaya towards Dnepr - there
a whole complex in case of war. Nobody admits what exactly is there. I caught a glimpse of the huge metal gate a couple of times. There is also a small train there - a toy train, as we call it. They say it runs on diesel, not electricity.

The lights are on in the tunnels, so I can see when someone walks there. While driving I meet a lot of people, mostly electricians. They do not cross paths, they walk along a special path, on the right along the track.

And when you drive into Vokzalnaya, a wonderful picture opens up: on the left in a row are wallets for every taste! This is how pickpockets work: he pulled out his wallet, took out the money, and at the stop he threw it into the gap between the train and the platform.

About the human factor

At all stations of the red line, the doors open on the left side, and only on the Dnepr - on the right. It happened more than once that passengers, despite the warning sign on the doors, leaned against and fell onto the platform. There was a case when I myself made a mistake - I opened the left doors on the Dnepr. Luckily, no one fell out.

Drivers have a rule: you cannot leave the cab at intermediate stations. And one jumped out of the cab at Beresteyskaya: the woman with the cart couldn’t squeeze into the carriage, so he pushed her in, the doors slammed and the train moved on. Everything worked out well, the train reached Svyatoshino, the automatic system worked, and the train stopped. The passengers, I don’t think, even noticed anything. But the driver was fired, although he had about 30 years of experience.

About devices

Everything is arranged in such a way that it is impossible to open both the left and right doors at the same time. Also, you cannot open the doors in one carriage - only in all of them at once. The new trains are more difficult to travel on. They brake more sharply, but this is bad - the wheels become “square” and slip. We call the new trains tractors - their levers that set the train in motion are designed like those of a tractor.

There was a case when the driver had already pulled into the depot, and it was unclear how he switched the drive to reverse and drove at a speed of 80 km/h! Luckily I braked quickly. After this incident, they made a special button to make the decision to go back more meaningful.

There is also a walkie-talkie. When you talk to the dispatcher, all the drivers on the line can hear you. You need to talk to the dispatcher if someone has fallen, if you are late, and in some other cases. But it's better when you don't have to talk to him at all.

There is also a button for announcements via speakerphone. When I first started working, there was only a recording of station announcements. Everything else had to be shouted into the microphone. Sometimes they shouted obscenities. But, characteristically, none of the passengers complained.