“I am always in doubt and worry about the sources of the Nile. I have too many reasons to feel insecure. The Great Lualaba may turn out to be the Congo River, and the Nile after all a shorter river. The springs flow north and south, and this seems to favor the idea that Lualaba is the Nile, but the strong deviation to the west speaks in favor of the Congo” (Last Diaries of David Livingstone. Entry dated May 31, 1872) .

In 1856, the Englishmen John Speke and Richard Burton set off from the eastern coast of Africa to the interior of the continent in search of the sources of the Nile. In February 1858, they were the first Europeans to reach the huge elongated Lake Tanganyika, one of the deepest in the world. Speke did not calm down and moved on. He discovered an even larger lake, Victoria. Four years later, Speke visited here again and discovered that the White Nile originated from the northern part of the lake. However, many scientists and travelers, most notably Burton, doubted Speke's correctness. When the latter shot himself, everyone decided that Burton’s suspicions were unfounded.

So, in the 1860s. the question was still open. Such an authoritative researcher as Livingston did not exclude that the great river begins much south of Lake Victoria. He was going to solve this problem at all costs, but finding funds for a new expedition after the failure of the previous one was extremely difficult. Livingston failed to sell Lady Nyasa profitably; moreover, the small money raised was lost due to the bankruptcy of the bank, and the royalties from the new book were small. And yet, having received a subsidy from the Royal Geographical Society, as well as donations from private individuals, Livingston left England in August 1865. Just before his departure, news reached him about the death of his son Robert, who fought in America on the side of the northerners...

At the end of January 1866, the traveler landed at the mouth of the Ruvuma and in April moved inland. He circled Lake Nyasa from the south, crossed the wide Luangwa in December, as well as Chambeshi, and finally, in early April 1867, reached the shores of Tanganyika. Livingston was already an old man; the misfortunes of recent years and enormous overexertion, coupled with all kinds of African ailments, had thoroughly undermined his once strong body. He felt worse and worse. But at the end of 1867 the traveler managed to reach Lake Mveru, and in July of the following year he discovered another one, Bangweulu.

Having explored the western coast of Tanganyika, in March 1869 Livingston crossed the lake and arrived in the village of Ujiji, the center of the ivory and slave trade. Here he had to spend some time among Arab slave traders, who, by the way, rescued him several times. No matter how disgusting such a society was to his soul, there was no choice left. Sick and exhausted, Livingston needed rest and serious treatment. His hatred of the slave trade and his determination to fight this terrible evil only grew stronger. One day, in some village, he witnessed the massacre of Africans by slave traders. At the local market, where many blacks from surrounding villages had gathered, several people suddenly opened fire on the crowd. Dozens were shot and hundreds drowned in the river trying to escape. But Livingston could do nothing. The only thing he could do was send a message about the execution to England, after which the British government demanded that the Zanzibar Sultan abolish the slave trade, but everything went on as before.

Having recovered slightly, Livingston continued his explorations west of Tanganyika. In 1871, he came to the huge - even in the upper reaches - Lualaba, going to the north. Livingston believed that this river was the beginning of the Nile. His illnesses worsened, sometimes he could not walk on his own, and then his constant assistants, the Africans Susi and Chuma, carried him on a stretcher. We had to return to Ujiji again. Livingston could no longer walk; the situation seemed hopeless. And suddenly... “Doctor Livingstone, I presume?” (“Dr. Livingston, I presume?”) - this phrase became famous. With these words, more appropriate somewhere at a social event, the great traveler, barely standing, almost toothless and extremely thin, was greeted by a young tanned American who arrived at the head of a huge caravan and armed to the teeth. The Savior - his name was Henry Stanley - brought provisions, medicines, bales with various goods, dishes, tents and more. Livingston wrote: “This luxuriously equipped traveler will not find himself in the same position as I, not knowing what to do.”

Who was this Henry Stanley? An American journalist, an employee of the New York Herald, who, on the instructions of editor-in-chief Bennett, went to Africa in order to find Livingston. He was born in 1841 in Wales, and his name was then John Rowlands. His mother sent the boy to a workhouse, and at the age of 15 he ran away to the United States, where he ended up in the service of a merchant named Stanley. The owner liked the quick and smart young man. He adopted him, and the young man took a new name, Henry Morton Stanley. When the war between the southerners and the northerners began, Henry fought on the side of the southerners, was captured and switched sides, and then deserted and worked a lot until he became a journalist. He gained popularity by reporting on the military operations of the British in Abyssinia. When Bennett needed a person who could find a famous traveler missing in Africa, he chose Stanley, who knew how to write smartly and, when it was profitable, go ahead.

What can I say! He really saved Livingston; his appearance in September 1871 breathed new strength into the traveler. When the Scot felt better, he and Stanley went to explore the northern part of Tanganyika. They then moved east to Unyamwezi.

The journalist persuaded Livingston to sail with him to England, but the latter rejected this offer, since he had not yet completed his tasks. In March 1872, Livingston gave Stanley his diary and all the papers, and he left for the ocean. A little later, a detachment sent by Stanley, consisting of several dozen guides, appeared in Unyamwezi.

In August, Livingston headed south along the Tanganyika coast to Lake Bangweulu. He planned to go out to the western shore of the lake to determine whether it had a drainage. During the journey, his illness worsened, Susi and Chuma had to carry him on a stretcher again.

On April 29, 1873, they reached the village of Chitambo on the shore of the lake. Two days earlier, the traveler left the last entry in his diary: “I’m completely tired... I just need to get better...”. Early on the morning of May 1, his servants found Livingston kneeling at his bedside. They decided that he was praying, but it was not prayer, but death.

Susi and Chuma decided to hand over the body of the deceased to the English authorities. The traveler's heart was buried in Chitambo, under a large tree (there is now a monument there), and his body was embalmed. It took nine months to get him to Zanzibar. From there it was sent by ship to Aden and through the Suez Canal, built in 1869, to England. Susi and Chuma kept the deceased's papers, tools and equipment. In April 1874, Livingstone was buried with honors in Westminster Abbey. Above his grave hangs a marble plaque with the inscription: “Carried by faithful hands across land and sea, here lies David Livingstone, missionary, traveler and friend of mankind.”

What about Stanley? Upon returning, he published a series of articles about his voyage to Africa and the miraculous rescue of the famous traveler. Soon a book with the loud title “How I Found Livingston” was published, which enjoyed enormous success. Of course, Stanley basked in the glory of Livingston, but it is hardly reasonable to blame him for this: he had a task, and he coped with it brilliantly.

In 1874, Stanley decided to complete the missionary's research and find out where the Nile began. The expedition was equipped with money from the New York Herald and the Daily Telegraph. In November she left Zanzibar, and a huge caravan set out from Bagamoyo Bay (in modern Tanzania) to Lake Victoria. The detachment reached the largest African body of water and confirmed that the unfairly accused Speke was right: the Nile really begins from Victoria. Stanley then explored Lake Tanganyika. He tried to move as quickly as possible and did not spare people, did not care about rest and sufficiency of the diet. At the slightest threat from local tribes, Stanley opened fire without wasting time on negotiations. From Tanganyika, the caravan, already thoroughly thinned out - many fled, some died from disease or died in clashes - headed west to Lualaba. Having reached the river, Stanley entered into an agreement with the largest local slave trader, purchasing from him for a round sum the right to pass through his domain, as well as new guides and porters.

Descending the Lualaba, either by boat or by shore, avoiding rapids and waterfalls, often engaging in battles with local tribes, Stanley reached the equator, where the river changes direction from north to northwest, and then to the place where it turns west. Here Lualaba already becomes the great Congo River, along which Stanley descended to the Atlantic Ocean. So he managed to prove Livingston’s assumptions wrong. The entire journey from Zanzibar to Boma (in the Congo estuary) took 999 days. Almost symbolic. During this period, Stanley managed to achieve almost more than Livingston did in more than 20 years. Soon, having entered the service of the Belgian king, Stanley, with several hundred daredevils, conquered for him the vast territory of the Congo Basin. Is it reasonable to blame him for this? He had a task, and again he completed it brilliantly. It wasn't his fault that he wasn't like Livingston. It is to Livingston's credit that he was not like Stanley and the vast majority of others. As it turned out, it was also a disaster.

FIGURES AND FACTS

Main characters

David Livingston; Henry Stanley, journalist and traveler

Other characters

Susi and Chuma, Livingston's assistants

Time of action

Routes

To lakes Tanganyika, Mweru and Bangweulu, to Lualaba, again to Tanganyika and then to Bangweulu (Livingstone); to Lake Victoria, to Tanganyika, along Lualaba-Congo to the ocean (Stanley)

100 great travelers [with illustrations] Muromov Igor

Henry Morton Stanley (1841–1904)

Henry Morton Stanley

Originally from Wales. Real name and surname: John Rowlands. One of Africa's greatest explorers. He crossed Africa in the equatorial zone, explored two great lakes - Victoria and Tanganyika, as well as the course of the Lualaba-Congo River from its headwaters to its mouth. The book “Across the Unknown Continent” (1878) has been translated into many European languages.

Henry Morton Stanley was born in Denbeagh, Wales. He was the illegitimate child of the daughter of a poor farmer, Betsy Parry, and John Rowlands, the son of a wealthy farmer who lived next door.

As a child, the future great traveler's name was John Batch, then he took the name John Rowlands.

In 1856, his aunt took him in and entrusted him with tending her sheep. But John was already dreaming of America, where he could make a career, get rich and escape the darkness of poverty. Like many Europeans, the boy saw the United States as “the first step on the road to dignity and freedom.”

In New Orleans, a 17-year-old boy found a place in one of the trading enterprises of Henry Stanley, a merchant with a “soft heart and a hard skull,” who treated him like a son. The owner liked him so much for his efficiency, intelligence and hard work that he promoted him from “boys” to senior clerk, and then adopted him, thanks to which John turned into Henry Morton Stanley.

When he was 20 years old, the American Civil War (1861–1865) began. He participated in all the campaigns of General Johnston's army. In the battle of Gitsburg he was captured, but managed to escape.

After his captivity, Stanley joined one of the ships that was then operating against the South as a simple sailor. Stanley spent three years in naval service, from 1863 to 1866. After the end of the war, his life was similar to that which Jack London later led. The beginning of his journalistic activity is shrouded in darkness. He became a staff correspondent in 1867. During his first big assignment—a series of reports on the “pacification” of Indians on the western prairies—he received lessons in how to deal with “primitive” peoples. Stanley concluded that “the extermination of the Indians was not primarily the fault of the whites, but was mainly a consequence of the indomitable savagery of the red tribes themselves.” In his essays, Stanley demonstrated restrained sympathy for the courageous enemy, depicting events in an exciting, sentimental and at the same time superficial way - like a true war journalist. It was as such that he introduced himself in 1868 to James Gordon Bennett, publisher of the New York Herald newspaper, which had the largest circulation in America. As a correspondent for this newspaper, he first came to Africa - as a witness to the colonial war.

The arena of action was Ethiopia, which, unlike Egypt and Sudan, still defended its independence. And with the upcoming opening of the Suez Canal, the country acquired special significance. In 1867, Great Britain sent an expeditionary force to Ethiopia, which within a year had grown to 40 thousand soldiers. The Ethiopian adventure cost at least nine million pounds and ended with the Ethiopian emperor committing suicide in the Magdala fortress. 700 Ethiopians were killed and 1,500 wounded; on the British side there were two killed and several wounded.

Stanley reported about this victorious campaign, so excitingly that it excited American readers. He provided such prompt information that the report of the capture of Magdala appeared in the Herald when the British government still knew nothing about it. A clever journalist bribed a telegraph operator in Suez to convey his telegram first.

In 1869, Bennett entrusted Stanley with the search for the missing famous explorer David Livingston. It is likely that the newspaper magnate, making such a decision, which cost him 9 thousand pounds, was counting on future readers in the UK. After all, the Herald has already proven that it is more agile than the British government. Bennett did not skimp on expenses.

At the beginning of 1871, Stanley collected information in Zanzibar about the possible whereabouts of Livingstone. Setting out from Bagamoyo on March 21, 1871, at the head of a large, well-equipped expedition, Stanley moved west to the Usagara Mountains; Along the way, he examined the Mkondoa valley and established that this river was not a tributary of the Kingani, as Burton and Speke believed, but the headwaters of the Wami. Stanley's route through Usagara and Ugogo to Tabora passed close to the route of Burton and Speke, but beyond Tabora the direct road to Tanganyika was cut off by the Wanyamwezi uprising against Arab slave traders, so the expedition had to make a long detour to the south; this resulted in familiarization with the southern part of the Malagarasi basin and, in particular, the discovery of its main left tributary, the Ugalla. On November 10, 1871, Stanley's caravan entered Ujiji, where Livingstone had recently arrived from the shores of Lualaba. There the meeting of two travelers to Africa took place.

Stanley supplied Livingston with various essentials, including medicines that he especially needed, and the old traveler perked up again. In November-December 1871, they traveled together by boat to the northern part of Tanganyika and visited the mouth of the Ruzizi, finally establishing that this river flows into the lake and does not flow out of it. One of the local chiefs informed them that the Ruzizi originated in Lake Kivo (i.e. Kivu), much smaller in size than Tanganyika; he heard nothing about the huge body of water that Baker placed on his map directly north of Tanganyika, from which Stanley correctly concluded that “Sir Samuel Baker will have to reduce Alberta Nyanza by one, if not two degrees of latitude.”

At the very end of December 1871, both travelers left Ujiji and arrived in Tabora in February 1872.

Stanley's smartly written book How I Found Livingstone (1872) was a resounding success. It was published four weeks after Stanley returned to the United States, and this circumstance alone characterizes the energy of the author. From the point of view of geographical science, Livingstone's search brought the discovery of the Ruzizi, a river that flows from Lake Kivu to Lake Tanganyika.

In September 1874, Henry Morton Stanley showed up in Zanzibar. This time he set himself the task of “completing the discoveries of Speke, Burton and Livingstone”: to eliminate the remaining ambiguities regarding the source of the Nile (especially regarding the integrity of Lake Victoria) and finally solve the Lualaba problem.

Stanley's research enterprise was funded by two major newspapers: the English Daily Telegraph and the American New York Herald. As in his previous East African journey, he was not short of funds and was able to organize a large, superbly equipped expedition. His caravan, which set out from Bagamoyo on November 17, 1874, consisted of 356 people, including 270 porters who carried, among other expedition equipment, a large collapsible sailing boat, the Lady Alice. Of the Europeans, in addition to Stanley himself, three young Englishmen took part in the expedition: Frederick Barker and the Pocock brothers - Francis John and Edward.

Before Utogo, Stanley followed the road he was already familiar with, but then deviated from it to the north and northwest, so that, without going into Tabora, he went straight to Lake Victoria. This path, which passed through areas still completely unknown to Europeans, turned out to be extremely difficult.

The caravan stretched for more than a kilometer. Copper wire, calico, bags full of beads, cowrie shells and provisions, boxes with equipment, as well as a disassembled, twelve-meter-long cedar boat "Lady Alice" - all this was carried on the shoulders of the porters. By January 1875, 89 porters had escaped, 30 had fallen ill, and 20 had died. Less than half of the expedition’s personnel reached the lake; the rest died of hunger and disease, died in skirmishes, or simply fled. One of the first victims was Edward Pocock, who died of fever on January 17, 1875.

On February 27, 1875, the caravan arrived in the village of Kageyi on the southern coast of Victoria (a little east of Mwanza, the place where Speke visited in 1858).

On March 8, 1875, Stanley, leaving the main part of the expedition in Kageyi, set sail across the lake on the assembled and launched Lady Alice. The very first days of the voyage culminated in the discovery of a large southeastern bay of the lake, which Stanley named after Spica. Having rounded the large island of Ukerewe from the west and leaving the neighboring island of Ukara on the left side, the traveler moved north along the eastern coast of Victoria, carefully marking on the map all the curves of the coastline; at the same time, he was able to verify that among the tributaries that the lake receives from the eastern side, there is not a single one of any significance (as was also indicated by the information collected by Speke).

Following along the northern and then western shores of the lake, he visited the mouths of the Katonga and Kagera; He was especially interested in the Kagera, along which he climbed several kilometers, but was unable to advance further because the current was too strong. Stanley became convinced that this river was superior in water supply to all other tributaries of Victoria and, therefore, could lay claim to the role of the main source of the Nile. On May 5 he completed his tour of the lake, arriving again at Kageyi, where he learned of Barker's death from fever on April 27.

As a result of Stanley's circumnavigation of Lake Victoria, almost its entire coastline was traced and mapped, although not very accurately. “I have not gone beyond the scope of the task assigned to me,” wrote Stanley, “namely, the exploration of the southern sources of the Nile and the solution of the problem left unsolved by Speke and Grant: whether Victoria Nyanza is one lake or consists of five lakes, as reported by Livingstone, Burton and etc. This problem has now been satisfactorily solved, and Speke has all the credit for discovering the largest inland sea on the African continent, as well as its main tributary, as well as its drainage.

Having crossed the lake with all his people to Buganda, Stanley spent several months there, getting to know the country and preparing for a new research enterprise - an overland journey to the west of Buganda, where, according to local residents, the large lake Muta-Nzige was located. Lake Albert, discovered by Baker, was known by similar names (Luta-Nzige, Mvutan-Nzige), and Stanley had no doubt that this was what they were talking about.

The campaign began in November 1875. Having climbed up the swampy valley of Katonga and crossed the poorly defined watershed between it and the westward flowing Rusango River, Stanley saw in early January 1876 the Rwenzori mountain range far to the northwest - “a huge blue mass, which, as we were told, was great mountain in the country of Gambaragara." The traveler gave this mountain the name of Gordon Bennett, publisher of the New York Herald; its original African name, under which it appears on modern maps, was unknown to him at that time. The height of Mount Stanley was determined to be approximately 4300–4600 meters above sea level, i.e. somewhat underestimated (the highest point of Rwenzori is 5109 meters). The fact that he discovered the third highest mountain range in Africa was discovered only much later.

On January 11, 1876, the expedition camped one and a half kilometers from the edge of the plateau, at the foot of which lay Muta-Nzige. In fact, these were two lakes connected to each other by a channel, bearing the names Edward and George on our maps. Stanley could clearly see the eastern one, the smaller one being George; he mistook it for the bay of a larger lake located further to the west, according to his ideas, the southern continuation of Albert Nyanza Baker. The traveler was not able to get to know these waters better: the leaders of the local tribes flatly refused to allow uninvited guests into their possessions. Stanley returned to Buganda and from there in February 1876 headed south to Karagwe, still hoping to reach the lake of interest by another, more southern route. However, this plan was not crowned with success: access to the countries lying to the west of Karagwe - Mpororo and Rwanda - was strictly prohibited to foreigners. As for Lake Albert, Stanley didn’t even see it. Along the way, Stanley made another geographical discovery, the value of which he never fully understood: the peak he saw in January 1876, north of his route, was part of the Rwenzori mountain range, the same Mountains of the Moon that had been sought for so long.

The ruler of Karagwe Rumanika, on the contrary, treated Stanley with the same goodwill with which he had greeted Speke and Grant, and the traveler took advantage of this favorable environment to explore Kagera. He traced the meridionally oriented middle section of the valley of this river, swampy and dotted with numerous small lakes, approximately to the confluence of its two main sources - Nyawarungu and Ruvuvu. The information he collected that Kagera receives the waters of Lake Akanyaru from the west was not entirely accurate: Akanyaru is not a lake, but a river, the main right tributary of Nyavarungu (but in the Nyavarungu and Akanyaru basins, there are indeed small lakes). Stanley also heard about the existence of another large lake further to the west (meaning Kivu), but could not find out whether it had a connection with Kagera and whether it was part of Muta-Nzige. From the Kagera Valley, Stanley, like Speke, saw the Mfumbiro (Virunga) mountains on the horizon.

At the end of March 1876, Stanley left Karagwe and a month later went through the northern and western regions of Unyamwezi to Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika.

"Lady Alice" was reassembled. The traveler made a circular voyage around Lake Tanganyika and established the exact contours of this lake (34 thousand square kilometers), walking around its shores on the ship for seven weeks (June-July). Stanley discovered a bay in the north-west of the lake, separated from its main part by the long and narrow peninsula of Ubvari, which was named after Burton.

Lukuga's research brought unexpected results. Stanley followed this river further than Cameron, and came to the conclusion that he was mistaken in believing that it drained the waters of Tanganyika: the bed of the Lukuga turned out to be completely clogged with sediment and occupied by a papyrus swamp with separate “windows” of standing water. Only later did it become clear that this flow had temporarily stopped. In 1878, two years after Stanley visited Tanganyika, lake waters broke through the dam and began flowing into Lukugu again, causing the lake level to rapidly drop.

On September 4, 1876, Stanley crossed the lake and from Tanganyika moved down the valley of the Lwama River and after 41 days reached its mouth - it turned out to be a tributary of the Lualaba. The pale gray Lualaba stream, a kilometer and a half wide, curved from south to northwest. “It is my duty to follow it to the sea, no matter what obstacles stand in my way.”

At the end of October 1876, Stanley arrived in Nyangwe. Stanley knew that to carry out this intention, he first needed to enlist the support of the Arab-Swahili traders, who extended their power along Lualaba to Nyangwe. Not short of money, unlike Livingston and Cameron, he entered into an agreement with relative ease with Hamed bin Mohammed, better known as Tippo-Tip, the most influential slave hunter and ivory miner in the area. “Finally Tippo-Tip agreed and signed the contract and I gave him a check for £1,000. On November 5, 1876, our army, numbering 700 people (Tippo-Tip's slaves and my expedition), left Nyangwe and entered the ominous northern forest regions. Stanley also purchased 18 large boats.

Having bypassed the rapids formed by Lualaba immediately below Nyangwe, on November 19 the expedition moved from the right bank to the left. Stanley, Francis Pocock (the last of the three English traveling companions to survive), Tippo-Tip and 30 oarsmen continued down the river on the Lady Alice, while the rest continued along the shore.

The river was already 1600–1800 meters wide, its banks and islands were overgrown with dense forest. In Stanley's travel notes, gradually more and more information is reported about residents living in villages protected by ditches and fences. Their huts, woven from plants, had both round and pointed roofs. The inhabitants' diet consisted of cassava and bananas, as well as what they could get through fishing and hunting. Salt, which the tribes of the Congo obtained by burning special herbs in special ovens, was especially highly valued. In addition, the successes of blacksmiths and shipbuilders were very significant: beautifully crafted weapons and boats, sometimes reaching 30 meters in length and decorated with rich carvings.

In January 1877, near the equator, Stanley discovered seven successive waterfalls, to which he gave his own name. Each of them had to be walked around on dry land, dragging the boats. But further downstream the waterway turned out to be free of obstacles for more than one and a half thousand kilometers. Lualaba became even wider and soon formed two, three, four and even six branches, separated from each other by numerous islands.

Below the falls, the river, which had previously followed a generally northern direction, began to deviate to the northwest, then to the west and southwest, describing a huge arc. Not far from the extreme northern point of this arc, Stanley found out that the locals no longer called the river Lualaba, but “Ikutu-ya-Kongo”. All doubts that Lualaba and Congo are the same river were completely dispelled.

At the initial stage of his voyage along Lualaba (Congo), right up to the waterfalls, Stanley had the opportunity to inspect and map the mouths of almost all the rivers flowing into it in this area. Subsequently, the same task turned out to be incredibly complicated by the enormous width of the Congo in its middle course (up to 15 kilometers in individual lake-like extensions) and the abundance of wooded islands on it, which made it difficult to view the area; It is not surprising, therefore, that some of the tributaries of the great river remained unnoticed.

Directly below the waterfalls named after him, Stanley discovered the mouth of the Lindi River flowing into the Congo on the right (on his map - Mbura). Then he discovered a much more powerful right tributary - the high-water Aruvimi, reaching more than one and a half kilometers wide at the mouth; Stanley mistakenly identified this river with the Wele of Schweinfurt. Stanley did not see the mouth of the largest right tributary of the Congo, the Ubangi, but he received some information about the existence of this river and marked the place of its confluence quite correctly.

Of the large left tributaries of the Congo in its middle reaches, Stanley was able to confidently show only two on his map - Ruki and Kwa (Kasai). True, he considered Ruki, which struck him with its abundance of water, to be identical to Kasai, but he took the real Kasai as a continuation of Kwango.

On February 18, the expedition crossed the equator again. By the end of the month, the river bed had narrowed, and Stanley feared that new waterfalls were ahead of them. But on March 12, the banks again moved widely away from each other, and a large, lake-like expansion was revealed to the travelers’ eyes, behind which began a new series of waterfalls, rapids and rapids, marking the breakthrough of the mighty river through the Atlantic mountain rampart. Unable to resist the temptation to once again immortalize his name on the map, the traveler called this extension Stanley Pool, i.e. “Stanley’s Pond”; he gave the waterfalls of the lower reaches of the Congo, already partly known to Europeans by that time, but not having a common name Livingston's name.

After Stanley Pool the river bed narrowed very quickly. The expedition the very next day found itself in front of a whole series of 32 waterfalls and rapids, ending with the Ellala rapids. Waterfalls followed one after another; the difference in height between the first waterfall and the last was more than 300 meters. Until July, people towed and dragged their boats on brushwood decks through slippery rocks, hissing water and coastal mud. Francis Pocock and Kalulu died in the process. In the end we had to abandon the boats.

The river flowed north, but beyond the equator, at Stanley Falls, it turned northwest, and even lower, having received Ruby from the east, it turned directly west. Now there was no longer any doubt that Cameron was right: Lualaba is not connected with the Nile, but most likely with the Congo, representing the upper part of the great river. Stanley finally established this when he traced the entire course of the Congo below Ruby. Having described a gigantic arc "in the heart of the Black Continent", he entered the Atlantic Ocean on August 8, 1877, 999 days after leaving Zanzibar. In addition to the Ruby River, he discovered and examined the mouths of a number of other tributaries of the Congo, including the large right Aruvimi and two left ones - the Ruki and the Kasai.

The last stage of the journey - along the rapids of the lower reaches of the Congo - turned out to be the most difficult. For the most part, the expedition moved along the right bank of the river along sharply rough terrain, in complete roadlessness.

On August 9, 1877, the expedition arrived in Boma, and three days later - in Banana on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean.

Thus ended this grandiose transcontinental raid, which lasted almost three years. The total length of the path traveled by Stanley was, according to his calculations, 11.5 thousand kilometers. These kilometers came at a high price: less than a third of the expedition’s original personnel arrived on the west coast. Of the Europeans who participated in the expedition, only Stanley survived.

Stanley's trans-African journey immediately put him among the most prominent researchers of the “Dark Continent”. Assessing the results of this expedition in his “Messages” in 1877, A. Petermann emphasized as Stanley’s main merit that he connected together the disparate links of the exploration of Africa - the routes of his predecessors, who stormed the large “white spot” in the equatorial part of the continent from the north, south, east and west.

The results of Stanley's research in the Great Lakes region were already extremely impressive; An even greater achievement was the final solution to the Lualaba problem. The arc-shaped middle course of the Congo appeared on the map for the first time. By sailing along the great river, Stanley began the discovery (which, however, became clear later) of a huge - more than 0.7 million square kilometers - periodically flooded flat depression called the Congo Basin.

Having become one of the most spectacular newspaper sensations of the time, Stanley's journey also had an important political resonance. After this journey, the actual division of tropical Africa began.

Stanley's reports about the densely populated, ivory-rich areas of the Congo did not arouse proper understanding in England, so he joined the International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of Central Africa, headed by the Belgian King Leopold II.

In 1879, Stanley began to seize the Congo Basin. He had almost unlimited finances, he had at his disposal mountains of goods for exchange, a small steamer, a steam launch, boats, a rapid-fire cannon; weapons, equipment, dismountable vehicles, as well as all kinds of tools were delivered to the mouth of the Congo. Under Stanley's leadership, a road was built to bypass Livingston Falls, more than 400 leaders were forced to enter into allied treaties and agreements, and 40 military forts were founded, including Leopoldville, present-day Kinshasa. No one tried to hide the purpose of such expenses: “The lower Congo region turned out to be unproductive and at first supplied only peanuts, palm oil and feed for livestock, and a little further upstream - fossil resin and ivory. The upper reaches of the Congo had the most valuable forests and fertile soils. Building wood, wood of especially valuable species, mahogany, ivory, rubber, coffee, fossil resin and the like - all these treasures only needed to be raised if impeccable trade transport was organized.”

Trying to get ahead of the French competitor Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, who came from the north, Stanley put together and bargained for Leopold a personal colony, the likes of which had never been known in recent history. Along the way, in 1882–1883, Henry Morton explored a number of tributaries of the Congo, discovered the mouths of the Lulonga and Lomami, and on the left bank of the Congo he discovered two relatively large bodies of water - Leopold II (Mai-Ndombe) and Tumba.

In the second half of the 80s, the close attention of the world press was attracted by the fate of Emin (real name Eduard Schnitzer), the governor of the Equateur province of Sudan, who, along with a large contingent of Egyptian military personnel and officials, was cut off from Egypt by the Mahdist uprising. Several rescue expeditions were organized. This was started not so much for the sake of saving the governor and his subordinates, but for the sake of new territorial seizures and 80 tons of ivory, which were in the hands of Emin.

Emin was eventually rescued by Stanley, who led a large expedition organized specifically for this purpose by a “rescue committee” created in London.

Stanley gave Emin the Khedive's firman, informing him of Egypt's refusal of the Equateur Province, and gave him a choice of three offers: either go with him to Zanzibar, or go into the service of the Belgian king and ensure the annexation of the Equateur Province to the "Independent State of the Congo" , or, finally, head to the north-eastern shores of Lake Victoria and settle there on behalf of the recently created British East Africa Company. Emin eventually settled on the first option, but the journey to the east coast was delayed for a whole year.

In April 1889, the joint detachment of Stanley and Emin left the shores of Lake Albert, moved up the Semliki Valley and in June arrived at Lake Muta-Nzige, discovered by Stanley 13 years earlier, which he now named after the English Crown Prince Albert Edward. From here the expedition headed to Kagera, then to Lake Victoria and further to the east coast, which it reached at Bagamoyo in December 1889.

This second and last trans-African journey of Stanley, like his previous expeditions, turned out to be very fruitful for geography. The main scientific result of its first stage, associated with the Congo Basin, was the study of the Aruvimi River (in the upper reaches called Ituri) from the mouth almost to its very sources; at the same time, the confluence of its right tributary Nepoko, visited in the upper reaches by Juncker, was recorded, and some other tributaries (Epulu, Lenda) were also discovered and partially examined. Stanley's trek along the Aruvimi was also of considerable interest as the first pedestrian crossing of the “great forest of the Congo” in the history of European exploration of Africa, which had previously been touched upon by travelers’ routes only along the outskirts or crossed by them along rivers.

Stanley's research activities during the second stage of his journey, in the area of ​​the Nile lakes, were marked by even greater achievements. First of all, we should mention the completion of the discovery of the third highest mountain range in Africa - Rwenzori (5109 meters), seen by Stanley in 1876 only from afar. The discovery took place at the end of May 1888. Having walked around this mountain range from the west and south on the way from Lake Albert to the East African coast, he was able to get a fairly complete picture of the main features of its orography. In June 1889, Lieutenant W. J. Stairs, a member of the Stanley expedition, made the first ascent of Rwenzori, rising, according to his calculations, to an altitude of 3245 meters above sea level and determining the height of the nearest snowy peak (not the highest) at 4445 meters. Africa's last great mystery was thus solved.

An important geographical result of Stanley's expedition was the solution to the Muta-Nzige problem, which had greatly occupied scientists. After Jesse and Mason determined that this lake could not be part of Albert Nyanza, the question arose of which hydrographic basin it belonged to. Stanley established a connection between Lake Edward and Lake Albert via Semliki. However, this time he was not able to explore the lake itself in any detail; however, he still remained ignorant of the independent existence of Lake George and showed it on his map, as before, as a bay of Lake Edward.

Stanley's further journey to the coast of the Indian Ocean was marked by two more important geographical results: the configuration of the middle reaches of the Kagera was significantly clarified (the sharp bend described by the river was discovered) and the previously unknown southwestern bay of Lake Victoria was discovered, which received the name Emina.

In Stanley's book “In the Most Mysterious Africa,” published in London in 1890 (in Russian translation - “In the Wilds of Africa”), the author managed to rise above his usual level of sensational reporting and come to a number of interesting scientific conclusions and generalizations.

Morton Morton (W. Morton) – American. dentist, famous for introducing ether of sulfur into surgical practice as an anesthetic. M. gen. in 1819, was educated at a dental school in Baltimore, and practiced in Boston. Looking for pain relief

author Shoifet Mikhail Semyonovich

Morton (1819–1868) Medical historians have discovered that ether was discovered in the 16th century by the German scientist and physician Valerius Cordano (Valerius Cordus, 1515–1544). He obtained ether from alcohol using sulfuric acid. This method of obtaining ether was forgotten; it was unknown even to such a chemist as Stahl.

From the book Psychology by Robinson Dave

From the book Director's Encyclopedia. Cinema USA author Kartseva Elena Nikolaevna

Antonin Dvorak (1841–1904) In the village of Nelahozeves, located on the banks of the Vltava, one of the founders of Czech national musical classics, Antonin Dvorak, was born into the family of an innkeeper on September 8, 1841. At the age of six he went to a village school. Church

From the book Self-loading pistols author Kashtanov Vladislav Vladimirovich

MILGRAM, STANLEY American psychologist Stanley Milgram (1933–1984) is best known for his research into the reasons why people obey authority. One of the key questions of his research was: what would people's reaction be if a government official

From the author's book

STANLEY, Henry Morton (1841–1904), British journalist and traveler 582 Dr. Livingstone, I presume? // Dr Livingston, I presume? With these words 10 Nov. 1871 Stanley approached David Livingstone. Livingstone (1813–1873), physician and missionary, disappeared in Africa in 1866 and after much

From the author's book

MORTON, Rogers (Morton, Rogers, 1914–1979), American politician, Gerald Ford's campaign manager in 1976142aI'm not going to rearrange the chairs on the deck of the Titanic. Quote. in The Washington Post, May 16, 1976 (after Gerald Ford lost the prelims for the fifth time

From the author's book

STANLEY, Henry Morton (1841–1904), British journalist and traveler95 Dr. Livingstone, I presume? // Dr Livingston, I presume? With these words 10 Nov. 1871 Stanley approached David Livingstone. Livingstone (1813–1873), physician and missionary, disappeared in Africa in 1866 and after much

Henry Morton Stanley Birth name John Rowlands Date of Birth 28 January(1841-01-28 ) Place of Birth Denbigh, Wales Date of death May 10(1904-05-10 ) (63 years old) A place of death London Citizenship Great Britain Great Britain Occupation journalist and traveler Father John Rowlands Mother Betsy Perry Spouse Dorothy Tennant Awards and prizes Autograph Henry Morton Stanley at Wikimedia Commons

Biography

Henry Morton Stanley was born in the town of Denbigh in Wales. He was the illegitimate child of the 18-year-old daughter of a poor farmer, Betsy Parry, and John Rowlands, the son of a wealthy farmer who lived next door. To go to work, Henry's mother had to give her son up to the family of a neighboring farmer Price, where little John lived for several years. As a child he was given the name John Bach. He later changed his surname to Rowlands.

When Betsy could no longer pay for the education of her son, John was sent to a workhouse in St. Asaph, where the child remained in public care. Prison discipline reigned here. The freedom-loving Henry found himself in conflict situations more than once. John stayed in the workhouse until he was fifteen years old. In 1856, his aunt took him in and entrusted him with tending her sheep. But John was already dreaming of America, where he could make a career, get rich and escape poverty.

At age 17, Henry joined a ship as a cabin boy and ended up in New Orleans. In New Orleans, the young man found a place in one of the trading enterprises of Henry Stanley, a merchant with a “soft heart and a hard skull,” who treated him like a son. The merchant liked John's handwriting, and he accepted him into his shop. John served with Stanley for three years. During this time, the owner liked him so much for his efficiency, intelligence and hard work that he promoted him from “boys” to senior clerk, and then adopted him, thanks to which John became Henry Morton Stanley. During the American Civil War, he volunteered for the Southern Army. Henry M. Stanley participated in all of the campaigns of General Edward Johnson's army. At the Battle of Shiloh (1862) he was captured and soon joined the Army of the North.

After his captivity, Stanley joined one of the ships that was then operating against the South as a simple sailor. Stanley spent three years in naval service, from 1866 to 1866. Henry Stanley became a staff correspondent in 1867, while carrying out his first big assignment - a series of reports on the “pacification” of the Indians on the western prairies - he received lessons in dealing with “primitive” peoples. Stanley concluded that “the extermination of the Indians was not primarily the fault of the whites, but was mainly a consequence of the indomitable savagery of the red tribes themselves.” In his essays, Stanley showed restrained sympathy for the courageous enemy, depicting events in an exciting, sentimental and at the same time superficial way. Stanley traveled to European Turkey and Asia Minor as a newspaper correspondent. In 1868, Henry Morton Stanley entered the employ of James Gordon Bennett, publisher of the New York Herald newspaper with the largest circulation in America. As a correspondent for this newspaper, he first came to Africa as a witness to the colonial war in Ethiopia, which defended its independence, and with the upcoming opening of the Suez Canal, the country acquired special significance.

Britain sent an expeditionary force to Ethiopia in 1867, which within a year had grown to 40,000 soldiers. The Ethiopian adventure cost at least nine million pounds and ended with the Ethiopian emperor committing suicide in the fortress of Makdela. Seven hundred Ethiopians were killed and one thousand five hundred wounded, and on the British side there were two killed and several wounded. Stanley reported on this campaign so excitingly that it excited American readers. He presented operational information in such a way that the report of the capture of Magdala appeared in the Herald when the British government still knew nothing about it. A clever journalist bribed a telegraph operator in Suez to convey his telegram first. In 1871, Stanley set out on behalf of the publisher of the New York Herald to look for Livingston in Central Africa, from whom there had been no news since 1869.

Explorer and colonizer of Africa

Departing from Zanzibar in January 1871, accompanied by a large detachment of natives, Stanley reached Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika on November 3, where he found Livingstone. Stanley greeted Livingstone with a phrase that would later become world famous: "Dr. Livingston, I presume?" (eng. Dr. Livingstone, I presume?). Together with Livingston, Stanley walked around the northern part of Lake Tanganyika and in February 1872 came to Unyanyembe. Leaving Livingstone here, Stanley returned to Zanzibar. He described his journey in a book that attracted everyone's attention. How I found Livingstone, which has been translated into many languages, including Russian.

Travel to Africa (XIX century)
Great African Travelers
Author	?
Original published	XIX
Electronic version

In -1874, Stanley participated as a correspondent in the English campaign against the Ashanti king Koffi Kalkali and described this campaign in the book Coomassie and Magdala. In 1874, Stanley, funded by the publishers of the New York Herald and the London Daily Telegraph, set off on a new journey through Central Africa. With a force of 300 men, he left Bagamoyo in November 1874 and reached Lake Ukerewe (Victoria Nyanza) in February 1875.

In January 1876 he traveled to the capital of Uganda. From here, having received a detachment of 2,000 people from the king of Uganda, Stanley headed through the country of Unioro, hostile to Europeans, to Lake Albert Nyanza. He soon encountered a vast lake, which he first mistook for Lake Albert (Mvutan), but later it turned out that it was an unknown lake, which he named Albert Edward - this was confirmed during his 1889 trip. Turning towards Lake Ukerewe, he explored the Kageru River, circumnavigated Lake Tanganyika and corrected its map. Continuing west, Stanley reached Nyangwe, from where he set sail along the Lualaba River. In August 1877, Stanley reached the mouth of the Congo River. Thus, he crossed Africa from east to west and opened more than 5,000 km of shipping route leading into the very interior of the continent. He described his journey in a book Through the Dark Continent.

In 1881, Stanley, on behalf of the Belgian Committee for the Study of the Upper Congo (fr. Comité d'études du Haut Congo) became the head of a new expedition, led the first steamship to Stanleypool, and discovered a large lake, which he named Leopoldov. On behalf of the Belgian King Leopold II, he founded a colony called the Congo Free State.

African native canoe (19th century)
Great African Travelers
Author	?
Original published	XIX
Electronic version

In 1887, Stanley, funded by the Egyptian government, undertook a journey to free Emin Pasha. On April 30, 1887, accompanied by a detachment of Zanzibaris, Sudanese, Somalis, seven officers, a doctor and servants, totaling 800 people, he set out from Stanleypool along the Congo River, then Aruvimi, and thence through the primeval forest. The party reached Cavalli, on the shores of Lake Albert. On April 29, 1888, Stanley met with Emin Pasha. Since his detachment was greatly reduced, Stanley decided to return back to Banalya on the Aruvimi River, where he left

Stanley as a brave traveler who made four outstanding expeditions into the depths of the “dark continent”, who made the vast expanses of Equatorial Africa known and accessible to Europeans and civilization, who thereby exerted a powerful influence on the lives of many tens of millions of African natives and caused the extraordinary development of colonial enterprises on the part of Europeans states - enjoys worldwide fame. Much less known, or rather very little known, is Stanley as a unique personality completely unsuited to our time. On the one hand, he is an extremely outstanding example of a man who owes his brilliant career entirely to himself, his extraordinary energy, and his extraordinary moral and mental qualities. In this regard, of all the modern celebrities, only Edison can be placed next to Stanley, whose early youth, as well as his character, are surprisingly reminiscent of Stanley's youth and character. On the other hand, Stanley is a man who has managed in our real age and, with all the practicality of his nature, to remain all his life a man of ideas, a fighter for man and his dignity, a defender of the weak and an opponent of the oppressors. In this regard, Stanley is so little known, especially among us, that very recently he, one of the noblest personalities of our century, was treated by a certain part of the press, both European and especially Russian, as a new Cortes, just as cruel and selfish. In our work, therefore, we will have in mind not so much the clarification of the scientific and political significance of Stanley’s activities in Africa as it is already quite well known, but rather the characterization of him as a person - moral and mental. True, work of this kind is less rewarding, since in the materials for Stanley’s biography the mentioned side of his life is not described fully enough. It is especially sad that it is precisely regarding that period of Stanley’s life when his moral personality was formed - childhood and early youth - that there is only fragmentary information. Nevertheless, we believe that Stanley’s biography, with the character that we predominantly give to it, should be preferred to the presentation of only the external events of the life of this remarkable man or to the repetition of details that have already become generally known.

Our sources in compiling Stanly's biography were mainly books by Stanley himself, devoted to a description of his travels and the state of the Congo, books and articles by Adolphe Burdeau, Captain Glave, Scott, Water, Kelty, and a report from the Western Mail newspaper about a conversation between its correspondent and his mother Stanley.

STANLEY'S CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH

The man who became famous as Henry Morton Stanley was called John Rowlands as a child. Actually, he had no legal right to this name either, since it was the name of his illegitimate father. As a child he was not named after his father, but was known under the name of John Bach, and only when he grew up enough to learn about his origins and appreciate the action of his father, who abandoned him to the mercy of fate, did he arbitrarily begin to bear the surname Rowlands, as he later adopted the name Stanley, which he made famous.

John Bach, John Rowlands, or Henry Stanley, was born in 1841 in the town of Denbeagh in Wales, that is, in the southwestern part of England. His mother was the daughter of a poor farmer and her name was Bztsi Perry. The son of a wealthy neighboring farmer, John Rowlands, became close to her. The consequence of the connection was a child, a future famous traveler. The young farmer wanted to make up for his offense by marrying the mother of his child, but old Rowlands rebelled against this, finding his son’s marriage to a poor girl unsuitable, and the young man, yielding to his father, abandoned his bride and child. The whole burden of raising a child, combined with the shame of his illegal birth, fell on eighteen-year-old Betsy Perry. Fortunately, her father, Moses Perry, despite his extreme poverty, was a humane man and treated his daughter’s misdemeanor leniently. When, returning home one day, he unexpectedly met a new tenant in his home, announcing his presence with a ringing cry, Moses Perry cordially said: “Give me this dear little one. Well, I don’t see anything unusual in him, but still. Let him, however, eat his first porridge on gold,” and the old man brought a few drops of porridge to his grandson on a gold coin. “May he always have a silver spoon,” the old man concluded his greeting to the newborn.

With grandfather Moses, little John lived, according to some sources, up to three years, and according to others, up to five. The grandfather loved his grandson, spoiled him and jokingly called him “the man of the future.” But good Moses Perry was overcome by an apoplexy and died. Betsy Perry had to go into service because her brother, a former butcher, and her sisters, who were getting married, did not want to know her after she gave birth to a child. The child prevented him from entering any place, and Betsy was forced to give him up to the family of a neighboring farmer Price. All of Betsy’s meager earnings were used to pay for raising the child, since little John’s father did not want to hear about him, and besides, he soon became an alcoholic and died after one fight in a tavern. As for Betsy's relatives, John's uncles and aunts, they also refused the unfortunate mother and her son any help.

John lived with the Price family for several years. As you can imagine, this life was not fun. Rude people, who saw in the boy only a means to somewhat supplement their meager income, did not stand on ceremony in their treatment of the child. The Prices had two children of their own, and, naturally, little John had to endure a lot because of them. In addition, Betsy was not always able to accurately pay money for raising her son, and this further strengthened the Prices’ bad attitude towards their pet. Finally, Betsy was completely unable to pay for her son, and Price took seven-year-old John to a workhouse in St. Asaph, where the child remained in public care.

Abandoned by his father, mother and other relatives, John early learned to distinguish the attitude of his father and relatives towards him from the attitude of his mother. Apart from his grandfather, his mother was the only person who loved John in his childhood, and he, in turn, became very attached to her, despite the fact that fate separated them so early. The boy early learned to appreciate the fact that his mother endured general condemnation because of him, the neglect of his brother and sisters, and the hard work to earn money to pay for his upbringing. He understood perfectly well that only complete poverty and loss of earnings forced his mother to stop paying the Prices and brought him to the workhouse. He never expressed the slightest reproach to his mother for the grief that she unwittingly caused him. On the contrary, the hard life in the working house further strengthened his attachment to the helpless woman. And John, or Stanley, retained this affection until the end of his mother’s days, who had the good fortune to see her son as a great man known to the whole world, but in relation to her he remained the same John, to whom she brought gifts purchased for last labor pennies. John more than repaid his mother for her modest concerns about him: he delivered her from poverty as soon as he had the opportunity, and always treated her with filial love and respect.

John stayed in the workhouse until he was fifteen years old. It was a hard, harsh school. Anyone who wants to know what the orphanages of English workhouses are, especially what they were like 40 years ago when our John ended up in a workhouse, can read the horrifying description of them in Dickens’s novel “Oliver Twist.” Prison discipline reigned in orphanages. The unfortunate children were constantly hungry, ragged, and freezing in unheated rooms. Corporal punishment was practiced on a wide scale and was usually used for any reason or without reason. The administration of the shelters consisted of rude and self-interested people who looked at the shelters only as a profitable item. At the head of the orphanage where John ended up stood a cruel man who found some kind of voluptuous pleasure in the torment of the children entrusted to him. It was especially bad for John, who, like Oliver Twist, was not able to endure the barbarity that reigned in the orphanage, protested against it as much as a ten- to twelve-year-old child could, and finally, like Oliver, ran away from the orphanage. For a long time he wandered without a penny and without a piece of bread, until finally hunger forced him to approach a butcher's shop, which, as he knew from his mother's words, belonged to his uncle. The boy was noticed, recognized by his resemblance to his mother, fed - and, given six pence, sent back to the orphanage, where a general flogging awaited him for running away. The person sentenced to such punishment was tied to a bench and all the pets of the shelter were forced to take turns flogging the culprit. John had to undergo this execution more than once.

Biography

Henry Morton Stanley - born in the town of Denbeagh in Wales. He was the illegitimate child of the 18-year-old daughter of a poor farmer, Betsy Parry, and John Rowlands, the son of a wealthy farmer who lived next door. To go to work, Henry's mother had to give her son up to the family of a neighboring farmer Price, where little John lived for several years. As a child he was given the name John Bach. He later changed his surname to Rowlands. When Betsy could no longer pay for the education of her son, John was sent to a workhouse in St. Asaph, where the child remained in public care. Prison discipline reigned here. The freedom-loving Henry found himself in conflict situations more than once. John stayed in the workhouse until he was fifteen years old. In 1856, his aunt took him in and entrusted him with tending her sheep. But John was already dreaming of America, where he could make a career, get rich and escape poverty.

At the age of 17, G. Stanley joined a ship as a cabin boy and ended up in New Orleans. In New Orleans, the young man found a place in one of the trading enterprises of Henry Stanley, a merchant with a “soft heart and a hard skull,” who treated him like a son. The merchant liked John's handwriting and accepted him into his shop. John served with Stanley for three years. During this time, the owner liked him so much for his efficiency, intelligence and hard work that he promoted him from “boys” to senior clerk, and then adopted him, thanks to which John turned into Henry Morton Stanley. During the American Civil War, he volunteered for the Southern Army, ending his dreams of freedom and dignity. Henry M. Stanley participated in all of the campaigns of General Edward Johnson's army. He was captured at the Battle of Gettysburg, but managed to escape.

After his captivity, Stanley joined one of the ships that was then operating against the South as a simple sailor. Stanley spent three years in naval service, from 1863 to 1866. Henry Stanley became a staff correspondent in 1867. During his first big assignment - a series of reports on the “pacification” of the Indians on the western prairies - he received lessons in dealing with “primitive” peoples. Stanley concluded that "the extermination of the Indians was not primarily the fault of the whites, but was mainly a consequence of the indomitable savagery of the red tribes themselves." In his essays, Stanley demonstrated restrained sympathy for the courageous enemy, depicting events in an exciting, sentimental and at the same time superficial way - like a true war journalist. Stanley traveled to European Turkey and Asia Minor as a newspaper correspondent. In 1868, Henry Morton Stanley entered the employ of James Gordon Bennett, publisher of the New York Herald, which had the largest circulation in America. As a correspondent for this newspaper, he first came to Africa - as a witness to the colonial war.

The arena of action was Ethiopia, which, unlike Egypt and Sudan, still defended its independence. And with the upcoming opening of the Suez Canal, the country acquired special significance. Britain sent an expeditionary force to Ethiopia in 1867, which within a year had grown to 40,000 soldiers. The Ethiopian adventure cost at least nine million pounds and ended with the Ethiopian emperor committing suicide in the fortress of Makdela. Seven hundred Ethiopians were killed and one thousand five hundred wounded; on the British side there were two killed and several wounded. Stanley reported about this victorious campaign, so excitingly that it excited American readers. He provided such prompt information that a message about the capture of Magdala appeared in the Herald, when the British government still knew nothing about it. A clever journalist bribed a telegraph operator in Suez to convey his telegram first. In 1871, Stanley set out on behalf of the publisher of the New York Herald to look for Livingston in Central Africa, from whom there had been no news since 1869.

Explorer and colonizer of Africa

Setting out in January 1871 from Zanzibar, accompanied by a large detachment of natives, Stanley overcame extraordinary obstacles on a path on which no European had ever set foot, and reached Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika on November 3, where he found Livingstone. Together with the latter, Stanley walked around the northern part of this lake and in February 1872 came to Unyanyembe. Leaving Livingstone here, Stanley returned to Zanzibar. He described his journey in the book “How I found Livingstone” that attracted everyone’s attention (translated into Russian and many foreign languages).

In 1887, Stanley, funded by the Egyptian government, undertook a journey to free Emin Pasha. On April 30, 1887, accompanied by a detachment of natives of more than a thousand people, he set out from Stanleypool along the Congo River to where the Aruvimi flows into it, and from there, first along the latter, then through the primeval forest; After a journey full of dangers, he reached Cavalli, on the shores of Lake Albert. Only on April 29, 1888, Stanley met with Emin Pasha. Since his detachment was greatly reduced, Stanley decided to return back to Banalya on the Aruvimi River, where he left a rearguard; but in his absence the commander of the rearguard, Major Barthlo, was killed by the mutinous natives, and Stanley found the remnants of the detachment in very distress. Then he headed again to Lake Albert Nyanza, from there to Lake Albert Edward and finally, through Karagwe and Unyamwezi, he reached Bagamoyo (December 5, 1889), where he was met by Major Wisman. Stanley described this third journey in the book “In darkest Afrika” (translated into Russian).

The main results of Stanley's three voyages

The main results of Stanley's three trips to Central Africa are as follows:

• on his first trip he established that Lake Tanganyika does not belong to the Nile system;
• on the second trip, the outlines of Lake Ukerewe were determined, Lake Albert Edward and the upper reaches of the Congo River were discovered, which for the first time gave a true idea of ​​​​the geographical character of this part of Central Africa;
• on the third trip, the course of the Aruvimi River was explored and a connection was established between lakes Albert Nyanza and Albert Edward through the Zemlyka River.

Essays

• How I found Livingstone (L., 1872)
• Through the Dark Continent (1878)
• The Congo and the founding of its free state (1885)
• In darkest Africa (1890)
• My dark companions and their strange stones (L., 1893)
• My early travels and adventures in America and Asia (L., 1895)

see also

Literature

• Karpov G. V. Henry Stanley. - M.: Geographgiz, 1958. (Wonderful geographers and travelers).
• In the kingdom of blacks (scenes from the life and nature of Central Africa). St. Petersburg, September 12, 1905 Translation from English by M. Granstrem

Links

• Henry Morton Stanley in the Around the World encyclopedia.
• OUTDOORS.RU - G. Stanley. In the wilds of Africa (abridged translation by I. I. Potekhin)
• Russian State Library - Henry M. Stanley. In the wilds of Africa: The history of the search, liberation and retreat of Emin Pasha, the ruler of Equatoria (translation by E. G. Beketova)

Categories:

• Personalities in alphabetical order
• Born on January 28
• Born in 1841
• Born in Wales
• Died on May 10
• Died in 1904
• Deaths in London
• Books in alphabetical order
• Travelers
• UK Travelers
• Wales Travelers
• Geographers of Wales
• Personalities on coins
• Explorers of Africa
• Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.

See what "Henry Morton Stanley" is in other dictionaries:

Wikipedia has articles about other people with this surname, see Stanley. Henry Morton Stanley Henry Morton Stanley ... Wikipedia - (Stanley, Henry Morton) HENRY MORTON STANLEY real name John Rowlands (1841 1904), explorer of Africa. Born in Denbigh (Wales) on January 28, 1841. Abandoned by his mother, he was handed over to relatives who took care of him until the age of six, and... ...

Collier's Encyclopedia Stanley, Sir Henry Morton - (real name John Rowlands) (Stanley, (Sir) Henry Morton) (1841 1904), explorer and journalist. An illegitimate child, left without parents, was brought up in a Welsh workhouse; in 1859 he fled to the USA. Was adopted by a merchant from... ...

The World History - (real name John Rowlands Rowlands) (1841 1904), journalist, explorer of Africa. In 1871 72, as a correspondent for the New York Herald newspaper, he participated in the search for D. Livingston; explored the lake with him. Tanganyika. Crossed Africa twice: in 1874...

Big Encyclopedic Dictionary Stanley Henry Morton [real name John Rowlands] (28.1.1841, Denbigh, Wales, 10.5.1904, London), journalist, explorer of Africa. At the age of 17 he emigrated from Great Britain to the USA. In 1871 72 as... ...

Great Soviet Encyclopedia - (Stanley), real name and surname John Rowlands (Rowlands) (1841 1904), journalist, explorer of Africa. Born in the UK, lived in the USA. In 1871 72, as a correspondent for the New York Herald newspaper, he participated in the search for D. Livingston; with him …

encyclopedic Dictionary Stanley Henry Morton - (Stanley) (18411904), traveler to Africa, colonial figure. Born in the UK, lived in the USA. As a correspondent for the New York Herald newspaper in 1868, he was in Ethiopia. In 1871 he went to Africa in search. From Zanzibar S.... ...

Encyclopedic reference book "Africa" I (Stanley, born 1841) famous traveler; the son of a poor farmer D. Rowland from Vallis, he joined the ship as a cabin boy at the age of 13 and ended up in New Orleans. Here he was accepted into the service of a merchant with the surname S., who later adopted him. IN… …

- (real name John Rowlands; 1841–1904) – journalist, explorer of Africa. In 1871 72 as corr. gas. The New York Herald participated in the search for D. Livingston; explored the lake with him. Tanganyika. Crossed Africa twice. while in the service of... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Pseudonyms

- ... Wikipedia